Музей под открытым небом: Список музеев под открытым небом

Музеи под открытым небом — это… Что такое Музеи под открытым небом? Кижи — самый известный музей под открытым небом в России Улица в музее под открытым небом Den Gamle By (старый город) в Дании

Музей под открытым небом — в наиболее общем значении, любой музей, чья экспозиция выставляется вне помещений. К таким музеям относятся парки скульптур, парки миниатюр, многие технические музеи (под открытым небом часто размещаются экспонаты музеев авиации, военной техники, транспорта).

В более узком значении музеями под открытым небом называют музеи, в которых демонстрируются примеры архитектурных сооружений. Во многих музеях проводится комплексная реконструкция прошлого, исторические строения являются не просто отдельными экспонатами, а образуют взаимосвязанный комплекс. Таким образом посетители получают возможность побывать в реконструированном населённом пункте прошлого, получая общее представление об истории и этнографии соответствующей страны или местности.

В последнее время существует тенденция воспроизводить в рамках музеев под открытым небом традиционные ремесла и виды деятельности, характерные для соответствующей местности и времени — например, работу мельника, ткача, кузнеца, гончара, плотника, винокура, пасечника и многих других. Иногда также посетителям музея предлагается попробовать свои силы под руководством специалиста. Некоторые ремесла в отдельных случаях далеко перерастают рамки музея (компания Botanicus в Чехии, которая специализируется на производстве косметических и парфюмерных средств на основе старинных, иногда средневековых, приёмов и технологий и имеет развитую сеть магазинов в своей стране и даже за ее границами).

В некоторых музеях в дополнение к архитектуре реконструируют и транспорт прошлых лет. Например в музее под открытым небом в Арнеме (Нидерланды) действует историческая трамвайная линия, а в музее Black Country Living Museum в районе Дадли (Великобритания) кроме исторического трамвая действует также исторический троллейбус.

Исторический транспорт в музеях под открытым небом может выполнять не только функцию действующего экспоната, но и утилитарную транспортную функцию, так как площадь таких музеев может быть весьма обширна.

Существуют музеи под открытым небом, реконструирующие самые разные периоды истории — от стоянок первобытного человека до рабочих посёлков начала XX века.

Одним из первых широко известных музеев под открытым небом был открытый в 1891 «Скансен» (Skansen) на о. Юргорден в Стокгольме (Швеция), в связи с чем его название стало нарицательным для этнографических музеев на большинстве европейских языков.

Ссылки

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90000 Goreme Open Air Museum, Goreme, Cappadocia 90001 90002 GOREME OPEN AIR MUSEUM 90003 90004 90005 90006 The Goreme Open-Air Museum 90007 resembles a vast monastic complex composed of scores of refectory monasteries placed side-by-side, each with its own fantastic church. 90006 It is obviously the first sight to be visited by any traveler in Cappadocia 90007, standing as it does in the very center of the region with easy access from all directions. It is only 15 minutes walk (1.5km, 1 mile) from Goreme village center.It contains 90006 the finest of the rock-cut churches 90007, with beautiful 90006 frescoes 90007 (wall paintings) whose colors still retain all their original freshness. It also presents unique examples of rock hewn architecture and fresco technique. The Goreme Open Air Museum has been a member of 90006 UNESCO World Heritage List 90007 since 1984, and was one of the first two UNESCO sites in Turkey. 90016 90004 The area covered by this Open Air Museum forms a coherent geographical entity and represents historical unity.There are eleven refectories within the Museum, with rock-cut churches tables and benches. Each is associated with a church. Most of the 90006 churches in Goreme Open Air Museum belong to the 10th, 11th and 12th centuries 90007. 90016 90004 The 90006 entrance fee to the museum is 25 TL per person 90007. In summer, it is better to visit the museum early in the morning or late afternoon, instead of mid-day. There are many churches and chapels in Goreme Open Air Museum but the most important ones are: 90016 90004 90006 Nunnery 90007 90028 The 6-7 storey rock mass to the left of the museum entrance is known as «the Nunnery».The dining hall, kitchen and some rooms on the first floor, together with the ruined chapel on the second level, can still be visited. The church on the third storey, which can be reached through a tunnel, has a cruciform plan, a dome with four columns and three apses. The templon on the main apse is rarely found in Goreme’s churches. Besides the fresco of Jesus, painted directly onto the rock, designs painted in red can also be seen. The different levels of the monastery are connected by tunnels, and «millstone doors», such as those found in the underground cities, and were used to close off these tunnels in times of danger.90016 90004 90006 90032 St. Barbara Church 90007 90028 This church is situated behind the rock housing Elmali (Apple) Church. It has a cruciform plan, with two columns. The north, south and west arms of the cruciform are barrel vaulted, and the center, the east arm, and the east corners are domed. There are a main, central apse and two side apses. Motifs were painted in red directly onto the rock. The walls and the dome are decorated in a variety of motifs including geometrical patterns, mythological animals and military symbols.The walls also have motifs resembling stonework. This church dates back to the second half of the 11th century. 90016 90004 90037 90006 Apple (Elmali) Church 90007 90028 One of the most prominent buildings in the area with its vivid colors, the church is a groin-vaulted structure with cross-in-square plan, having four columns and a central dome. It has beautiful frescoes dating to the 11th and 12th centuries. And where these have fallen off, you can see simple red-painted ornaments from the iconoclastic period.The frescoes are narrating scenes from the Bible and the life of Christ, the Hospitality of Abraham and Three Hebrew Youths. The building derives its name from the apple orchard collapsed a long time ago, in front of the main entrance. 90016 90004 90043 90006 Snake (Yilanli) Church 90007 90028 This church has a linear plan, consisting of two chambers. The front section is barrel-vaulted, while the back one has a flat ceiling. The red ochre ornaments imitate hewn stone plait. Frescoes dated to the 11th century, are painted directly on the wall.Opposite the entrance, there is an image of Christ with a book in his hand, and at his left, on both sides of a large cross, are Emperor Constantine and Helena. Right next to it, the Killing of the Snake by St. George and St. Theodore is depicted. On the opposite wall, Onophrios can be seen with a sapling in front of him, also the Apostle Thomas, and the founder of the building, St. Basileios holding a book in one hand and sanctifying with the other. 90016 90004 90049 90006 Dark Church (Karanlik Kilise) 90007 90028 The entrance to this church is from the north through a winding tunnel which opens into a barrel-vaulted narthex.You have to pay an extra admission fee (8 TL per person) but it is surely worth it. In the south of the narthex there are three graves, two of which are big and the other, small. The church has a cross plan, the arms of the cross having a diagonal vault. The templon of the main apse has been destroyed. This Church dates to the end of the 12th century. Some of the scenes on the walls are Deesis, Annunciation, Journey to Bethlehem, Nativity, Baptism, Raising of Lazarus, Transfiguration, Entry into Jerusalem, Last Supper, Betrayal of Judas, the Crucifixion and Anastasis.90016 90004 90006 Carikli (Sandals) Church 90007 90028 This two columned church (two other columns being in the form of pillars), is cross vaulted, and has three apses and four domes. The well preserved frescoes show the life of Jesus, Hospitality of Abraham, and images of the saints and the donors of the church. Although it resembles both the Karanlik (Dark) and Elmali (Apple) Churches, the scenes of the Way of the Cross and the Descent from the Cross make this church different from the others.The figures are generally large. The footprints under the Ascension scene give the church its name, which means «with sandal». The church dates back to the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th centuries. The center dome houses a picture of Jesus the Pantocrator with the busts of angels in the insets. On the central apse is Deesis, on the north apse Mary and the Baby Jesus, and on the south apse, a picture of St Michael. 90016 90004 90060 90006 Buckle (Tokali) Church 90007 90028 Even though Tokali church is located down the museum around 50 meters, you can visit the church with the same ticket that you used for Goreme Open Air Museum.It is a complex made up of 4 main chambers. The entrance to the New Church having a rectangular plan with longitudinal axis is made through the barrel-vaulted single-naved Old Church. This rock settlement is divided with arches into three sections. Containing the most important samples of paintings, the building has been decorated in various periods. 90016 90004 90066 In the Old Church section, frescoes dated to early 10th century, painted in bands of rich red and green, represent scenes from the Bible.The indigo dominating the main chamber frescoes in the New Church, is a feature discerning the structure from the others. Among the rock churches in Cappadocia, Tokali has the best paintings narrating the life of Christ in the most detail. The church is decorated with the Infancy (childhood of Christ), Ministry and Passion cycles, with several episodes from the life of St. Basileios. 90016 90004 We offer 90006 private tours 90007 to Goreme Open Air Museum at any time you prefer. The rate of the 90006 tour is 75 Euro per person 90007 including transfer to / from your hotel in Goreme, entrance fees (both for the museum and Dark Church) and licensed guide.The tour takes around 2 hours. 90016 90004 90006 Please contact us for further information and booking Goreme Open Air Museum tour 90007. 90016 90078 90079 PLACES TO VISIT IN CAPPADOCIA 90003 There are so many 90006 fascinating things to see in Cappadocia 90007 that you could spend a lifetime here and still discover new places. The main ‘must-see’ attractions are the two large 90006 open-air museums 90007 and the best of 90006 the underground cities 90007. However, there are also many small, all-but-forgotten rock-cut churches and monasteries, splendid hiking trails, several spectacular caravanserais and many dramatic rock formations well worth going out of your way to visit..90000 Open-air museum 90001 90002 An 90003 open-air museum 90004 is a distinct type of museum exhibiting its collections out-of-doors. The first open-air museums were established in Scandinavia towards the end of the nineteenth century, and the concept soon spread throughout Europe and North America. Open-air museums are variously known as 90003 skansen 90004, 90003 museums of buildings 90004 and 90003 folk museums 90004. A more recent form is the Ecomuseum, which originated in France.A comprehensive history of the open-air museum as idea and institution can be found in Swedish museologist Sten Rentzhog’s 2007 book 90011 Open Air Museums: The History and Future of a Visionary Idea 90012. 90013 90002 90003 Living museums 90004, also known as 90003 living farm museums 90004 and 90003 living history museums 90004, are a special type of open-air museum where costumed interpreters portray period life in an earlier era. The interpreters act as if they are really living in a different time and place, such as the Colonial era, and perform everyday household tasks, crafts and businesses.The goal is to demonstrate older lifestyles to modern audiences. Household tasks might include cooking on an open hearth, churning butter, spinning wool and weaving, and farming without modern equipment. Many living museums feature traditional craftsmen at work, such as a blacksmith, cooper, potter, miller, sawmill worker, printer, doctor and general store keeper. 90013 90022 Definition 90023 90002 The International Council of Museums (ICOM) defines a museum as «a non-profit-making, permanent institution in the service of society and of its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits, for purposes of study, education and enjoyment, the 90011 tangible and intangible 90012 evidence of people and their environment.»90027 [1] 90028 Most open-air museums specialize in the collection and re-erection of old buildings at large outdoor sites, usually in settings of re-created landscapes of the past. Most of them may therefore justly be described as building museums . Open-air museums tended to be located originally in regions where wooden architecture prevailed, as wooden structures may be trans-located without substantial loss of authenticity. 90013 90002 Common to all open-air museums, including the earliest ones of the 19th century, is the teaching of the history of everyday living by people from all segments of society.90013 90022 European origins 90023 World’s first open-air museum, King Oscar’s collections at Bygdøy near Oslo in +1888. 90002 The earliest open-air museum appeared in Scandinavia in the late 19th century. One reason may be the ancient tradition of moving and re-erecting wooden buildings, based on the local log building technique. The idea was a predictable further development of the by then well-established indoor type of museum. In order to collect and display whole buildings, it would have to be done outdoors.Precursors of open-air museums were the «exotic» pavilions, «antique» temples, «ancient ruins» and «peasant cottages» to be found in 18th century landscape parks. Later precursors were the real or constructed peasant cottages shown at the international exhibitions of the mid- to-late 19th century. 90013 90002 The world’s first open-air museum was King Oscar II’s collection near Oslo in Norway, opened in 1881. The original plans comprised 8 or 10 buildings intended to show the evolution of traditional Norwegian building types since the Middle Ages.Only 5 were realized before the king lost interest because of the expenses involved. The royal open-air museum was later incorporated into the Norsk Folkemuseum, established on an adjacent property in the 1890s. 90027 [2] 90028 Influenced by a visit to the Norwegian open-air museum, Artur Hazelius in 1891 founded the famous Skansen in Stockholm, which became the model for subsequent open-air museums in Northern and Eastern Europe, and eventually in other parts of the world. The name «skansen» has also been used as a noun to refer to other open-air museums and collections of historic structures, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe.90027 [3] 90028 90013 90002 Around 1900 national and regional open-air museums were established in all Scandinavian countries, notably in Norway and Sweden. 90013 90002 Most open-air museums concentrate on rural culture. However, since the opening of the first town museum, Den Gamle By / The Old Town in Aarhus, Denmark in 1914 90027 [4] 90028 town culture has also become a scope of open-air museums. In many cases new town quarters are being constructed in existing rural culture museums. 90013 90022 North American interpretation 90023 90002 The North American open-air museum, more commonly called a living history museum, had a different, slightly later origin than the European, and the visitor experience is different.The first was Henry Ford’s Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan (1928), where Ford intended his collection to be «a pocket edition of America». 90027 [5] 90028 But it was Colonial Williamsburg (opened in 1934) which had a greater influence on museum development in North America. It influenced such projects through the continent as Mystic Seaport, Plimoth Plantation, and Fortress Louisbourg. What tends to differentiate the North American from the European model is the approach to interpretation.In Europe, the tendency is to usually, but not always, focus on the building. 90013 90002 In North America, many open-air museums include interpreters who dress in period costume and conduct period crafts and everyday work. 90027 [6] 90028 The living museum is therefore viewed as an attempt to recreate to the fullest extent conditions of a culture, natural environment or historical period. The objective is total immersion, using exhibits so that visitors can experience the specific culture, environment or historical period using all the physical senses.Performance and historiographic practices at American living museums have been critiqued in the past several years by scholars in anthropology and theater for creating false senses of authenticity and accuracy, and for neglecting to bear witness to some of the darker aspects of the American past (eg, slavery and other forms of injustice). Even before such critiques were published, sites such as Williamsburg and others had begun to add more interpretation of difficult history. 90027 [7] 90028 90013 90022 Selected list of open-air and living museums 90023 90062 Africa 90063 90064 Egypt 90065 90062 Asia 90063 90064 Israel 90065 90064 Japan 90065 90072 90073 Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum, Tokyo 90074 90073 Hakone Open-Air Museum, Hakone, Kanagawa 90074 90073 Meiji Mura, Inuyama, Aichi 90074 90073 Nihon Minka-en (Japan Open-Air Folk House Museum), Kawasaki, Kanagawa 90074 90073 Open-Air Museum of Old Japanese Farmhouses, Osaka 90074 90073 Hida Minzoku Mura Folk Village, Takayama, Gifu 90074 90073 Kyodo no mori, Fuchū, Tokyo 90074 90073 Sankeien, Naka Ward, Yokohama 90074 90073 Shikoku Mura, Takamatsu, Kagawa Prefecture 90074 90091 90064 China 90065 90064 Indonesia 90065 90064 South Korea 90065 90064 Malaysia 90065 90072 90073 Colmar Tropicale, Bukit Tinggi, Pahang 90074 90073 Japanese Village, Bukit Tinggi, Pahang 90074 90073 Monsopiad Cultural Village.Penampang, Sabah 90074 90073 Sarawak Cultural Village, Kuching, Sarawak 90074 90073 Taman Mini Malaysia & Asean (Malaysia and Asean Miniature Park), Ayer Keroh, Malacca 90074 90073 Taman Tamadun Islam (Islamic Civilization Park), Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu 90074 90091 90062 Europe 90063 The wooden church in Drvengrad open-air museum, Serbia 90064 Austria 90065 90072 90073 Austrian Open-Air Museum, Stübing 90074 90073 Salzburger Freilichtmuseum, Großgmain 90074 90073 Carinthian Open-Air Museum, Maria Saal 90074 90073 Museums of Tyrolian Farmsteads, Kramsach 90074 90073 Museumsdorf Niedersulz 90074 90091 90064 Belgium 90065 90064 Bulgaria 90065 90064 Czech Republic 90065 Old Bohemian House in Přerov nad Labem, Czech Republic — the first open-air museum in Central and Eastern Europe (1895) founded by Archduke Ludwig Salvator 90064 Denmark 90065 90064 Estonia 90065 90064 Finland 90065 90064 France 90065 90064 Germany 90065 Roscheider Hof, Germany 90072 90073 Dat ole Huus, Wilsede, Lower Saxony.90074 90073 Open-air Museum Detmold, Detmold, North Rhine-Westphalia Germany’s biggest Open-air Museum 90074 90073 Hagen Westphalian Open-Air Museum, Hagen, North Rhine-Westphalia 90074 90073 Hessenpark, Neu-Anspach, Hesse. 90074 90073 Hitzacker Archaeological Centre, Hitzacker, Lower Saxony. 90074 90073 Hösseringen Museum Village, Hösseringen, Lower Saxony. 90074 90073 International Wind- and Watermill Museum, Gifhorn, Lower Saxony. 90074 90073 Open-air Museum Kommern, Mechernich, North Rhine-Westphalia 90074 90073 Open-air Museum Lindlar, Lindlar, North Rhine-Westphalia 90074 90073 Mödlareuth village, Bavaria and Thuringia.90074 90073 Rischmannshof Heath Museum, Walsrode, Lower Saxony. 90074 90073 Roscheider Hof, Konz, Rhineland-Palatinate. 90074 90073 Winsen Museum Farm, Winsen (Aller), Lower Saxony. 90074 90073 Ore Mountain Toy Museum, Seiffen, Saxony 90074 90091 90064 Georgia 90065 90064 Hungary 90065 90072 90073 Szentendrei Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, Szentendre [2] 90074 90073 Szennai Szabadtéri Néprajzi Gyűjtemény, Szenna 90074 90073 Göcseji Falumúzeum, Zalaegerszeg 90074 90073 Őrségi Népi Műemlékegyüttes, Szalafő- (Pityerszer) 90074 90073 Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, Ópusztaszer 90074 90073 Sóstói Múzeumfalu, Nyíregyháza 90074 90073 Vasi Múzeumfalu, Szombathely 90074 90073 Hollókői Falumúzeum, Hollókő 90074 90073 Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, Nagyvázsony 90074 90073 Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, Tihany 90074 90091 90064 Iceland 90065 90064 Ireland 90065 90064 Lithuania 90065 90002 Main article: Ethnographic villages in Lithuania 90013 90064 Macedonia 90065 90064 Netherlands 90065 90064 Norway 90065 90064 Poland 90065 90064 Romania 90065 90064 Russia 90065 Architectural-ethnographic museum «Khokhlovka», Perm Krai 90064 Serbia 90065 90064 Slovakia 90065 90002 Template: Main: Open-air museums in Slovakia 90013 90072 90073 Banská Štiavnica 90074 90073 Bardejov 90074 90073 Čičmany 90074 90073 Humenné 90074 90073 Martin 90074 90073 Nitra 90074 90073 Pribylina 90074 90073 Stará Ľubovňa 90074 90073 Svidník 90074 90073 Vlkolínec 90074 90073 Vychylovka 90074 90073 Zuberec — Brestová 90074 90091 90064 Spain 90065 90064 Sweden 90065 90064 Switzerland 90065 90064 Ukraine 90065 90064 United Kingdom 90065 90064 England 90065 90072 90073 Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings, Worcestershire 90074 90073 Amberley Working Museum, Amberley, West Sussex 90074 90073 Beamish, North of England Open Air Museum, Beamish, County Durham 90074 90073 Black Country Living Museum, Dudley, West Midlands 90074 90073 Blists Hill Victorian Town, Telford, Shropshire 90074 90073 Chiltern Open Air Museum, Chalfont St.Giles, Buckinghamshire 90074 90073 Church Farm Museum, Agricultural museum and collection of indigenous buildings, Skegness 90074 90073 Cogges Manor Farm Museum, Witney, Oxfordshire 90074 90073 Little Woodham, Gosport, Hampshire 90 074 90073 Murton Park / Yorkshire Museum of Farming in Murton, York 90074 90073 Museum of East Anglian Life, Stowmarket, Suffolk 90074 90073 Rural Life Centre, Tilford, Surrey 90074 90073 Weald and Downland Open Air Museum, Sussex 90074 90073 West Yorkshire Folk Museum, in grounds of Shibden Hall, Halifax 90074 90073 Wimpole Home Farm, Cambridgeshire 90074 90091 90064 Scotland 90065 90064 Wales 90065 90064 Northern Ireland 90065 90062 North America 90063 90064 Canada 90065 Fortress Louisbourg, Nova Scotia 90072 90073 Barkerville, British Columbia 90074 90073 Black Creek Pioneer Village, Toronto, Ontario 90074 90073 Burnaby Village Museum, Burnaby, British Columbia 90074 90073 Canada’s Polish Kashub Heritage Museum & Skansen, Wilno, Ontario 90074 90073 Doon Heritage Village, Kitchener, Ontario 90074 90073 Fort Henry, Ontario 90074 90073 Fort Edmonton Park, Edmonton, Alberta 90074 90073 Fort Langley National Historic Site, Fort Langley, British Columbia 90074 90073 Fortress of Louisbourg, Louisbourg, Nova Scotia 90074 90073 Fort William Historical Park, Thunder Bay, Ontario 90074 90073 Fort York, Toronto, Ontario 90074 90073 Greater Sudbury Heritage Museums 90074 90073 Halifax Citadel National Historic Site of Canada (Citadel Hill), Halifax, Nova Scotia 90074 90073 Heritage Park Historical Village, Calgary, Alberta 90074 90073 Kalyna Country, an ecomuseum 90074 90073 Lower Fort Garry National Historic Site, Selkirk, Manitoba 90074 90073 Markham Museum, Markham, Ontario 90074 90073 Mennonite Heritage Village 90074 90073 Sainte-Marie among the Hurons, Midland, Ontario 90074 90073 Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village, Alberta 90074 90073 Upper Canada Village, Morrisburg, Ontario 90074 90073 Village Historique Acadien, Caraquet, New Brunswick 90074 90073 Village Québécois d’Antan, Drummondville, Quebec 90074 90073 Westfield Heritage Village, Rockton, Ontario 90074 90091 90064 United States 90065 90002 Main article: List of open-air and living history museums in the United States 90013 90062 Oceania 90063 90064 Australia 90065 90072 90073 Pioneer Settlement, Swan Hill, Victoria, Australia’s First Open Air Museum, opened 1963.90074 90073 Port Arthur, Tasmania 90074 90073 Sovereign Hill, Ballarat, Victoria 90074 90073 Millewa Pioneer Forest and Historical Village, Meringur, Victoria 90074 90073 Flagstaff Hill Maritime Museum, Warrnambool, Victoria 90074 90073 Old Sydney Town, Somersby, New South Wales (now closed) 90074 90073 Miles Historical Village and Museum, Miles, Queensland 90074 90091 90022 Living transportation museums 90023 90072 90073 Brooklands in Weybridge, Elmbridge, Surrey, England (aviation and motorcar museum) 90074 90073 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park from Georgetown, Washington, D.C. to Cumberland, Maryland (heritage canal) 90074 90073 Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad from Chama, New Mexico to Antonito, Colorado (heritage railway) 90074 90073 Danish Tramway Museum, Denmark 90074 90073 Delta Queen travels along the Mississippi River and tributaries (heritage river steamboat) 90074 90073 Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum in Bremerhaven, Germany (maritime museum) 90074 90073 Edaville Railroad in South Carver, Massachusetts (heritage railway) 90074 90073 Hiroshima City Transportation Museum in Hiroshima, Japan (street railway museum) 90074 90073 Mystic Seaport in Mystic, Connecticut (maritime museum) 90074 90073 National Tramway Museum in Derbyshire, England (heritage street railway) 90074 90073 Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome in Rhinebeck, New York (aviation museum) 90074 90073 Roscoe Village in Coshocton, Ohio (along the former Ohio & Erie Canal, nearby Monticello III canal boat) 90074 90073 Seashore Trolley Museum in Kennebunkport, Maine (heritage railway) 90074 90073 Shuttleworth Collection in Bedfordshire, England (aviation museum) 90074 90073 Narrow Gauge Railway Museum in Wenecja near Żnin 90074 90073 Skansen Parowozownia Kościerzyna in Kościerzyna, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland (heritage railway) 90074 90073 Steamtown National Historic Site in Scranton, Pennsylvania (heritage railway) 90074 90073 Valley Railroad Company in Essex, Connecticut (heritage railway) 90074 90073 White Pass and Yukon Route from Skagway, Alaska to Whitehorse, Yukon (heritage railway) 90074 90073 Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway in Alna, Maine (heritage railway) 90074 90073 Royal Malaysian Air Force Museum, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (military aviation) 90074 90091 90022 Ecological and environmental living museums 90023 90002 Some ecological living museums are zoos 90013 90022 See also 90023 90022 Notes 90023 90436 90073 90003 ^ 90004 http: // icom.90004 Scott Magelssen, 90011 Living History Museums: Undoing History Through Performance 90012, Scarecrow Press, 2007 90 074 90473 90022 External links 90023 90476 90477 Museum websites 90478 90479 .